Special Member State territories and the European Union

Several European Union member states have special territories which, for historical, geographical, or political reasons, enjoy special status within or outside of the EU. These statuses range from no or limited derogation from EU policies, limited inclusion in EU policies or none at all. Most of the territories which are outside the EU nonetheless enjoy a special relationship with the EU.

Contents 1 Outermost regions 1.1 Azores and Madeira 1.2 Canary Islands 1.3 French overseas departments 1.4 Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin 2 Overseas countries and territories 2.1 British overseas territories 2.2 French overseas collectivities and New Caledonia 2.3 Greenland 2.4 Netherlands Antilles and Aruba 3 Special cases 3.1 Åland Islands 3.2 Büsingen am Hochrhein 3.3 Campione d'Italia and Livigno 3.4 Ceuta and Melilla 3.5 The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man 3.6 Cyprus 3.6.1 United Kingdom sovereign bases 3.6.2 United Nations buffer zone 3.7 Faroe Islands 3.8 Gibraltar 3.9 Heligoland 3.10 Mount Athos 3.11 Saimaa Canal and Malyj Vysotskij Island 4 Former special territories 5 Summary 6 See also 7 External links 8 Footnotes

Outermost regions

The outermost regions are nine regions of EU Member States which are part of the EU. According to the EC Treaty, European Union law applies to these territories with possible derogations to take account of their "structural social and economic situation ... which is compounded by their remoteness, insularity, small size, difficult topography and climate, economic dependence on a few products, the permanence and combination of which severely restrain their development ..."^[1]. There were initially seven outermost regions, as established by the EC Treaty, but the Treaty of Lisbon included two additional territories, both of which seceded from one of the original outermost regions.

Azores and Madeira

Azores and Madeira are two groups of Portuguese islands in the Atlantic. While derogations from the application of EU law could apply, none do. Their VAT is lower than the rest of Portugal, but they are not outside the European Union Value Added Tax Area.

Canary Islands

The Canary Islands are a Spanish archipelago off the African coast which forms one of the Spanish Autonomous Communities, thus having the status of being part of Spanish territory. They are outside the European Union Value Added Tax Area^[2] but otherwise EU law applies in its totality.

French overseas departments

French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique and Réunion are French overseas departments and under French law are, for the most part, treated as integral parts of the Republic. Each also forms a French overseas region. The euro is legal tender and they are part of the European Union Customs Union.^[3] However they are outside the Schengen area and the VAT area.^[2]

Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin

On 22 February 2007, Saint Barthélemy and Saint Martin were broken away from the French overseas department of Guadeloupe to be formed into two new overseas collectivities. As a consequence their status was unclear for a time. While a report issued by the French parliament suggested that both islands would probably have to change from being outermost regions (OMR) status to overseas countries and territories (OCT) status,^[4] the EU Treaties as amended by the Treaty of Lisbon lists them as outermost regions (see articles 349 and 355 of the consolidated version of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union).^[5]

Overseas countries and territories

The overseas countries and territories (OCT) are twenty one territories that have a special relationship with one of the Member States of the EU: twelve with the United Kingdom, six with France, two with the Netherlands and one with Denmark.^[6] They were invited to form association agreements with the EU and may opt-in to EU provisions on freedom of movement for workers (Article 202 (ex Article 186)) and freedom of establishment (Article 199(5) (ex Article 183(5))). They are not subject to the EU's common external tariff (Article 200(1) (ex Article 184(1))) but may claim customs on goods imported from the EU on a non-discriminatory basis (Article 200(3) and 200(5) (ex Article 184(3) and (5))). They are not part of the EU, and EU law applies to them only insofar is necessary to implement the association agreements.

British overseas territories

Twelve overseas territories of the United Kingdom (all but Gibraltar, which, unlike the other territories, is part of the European Union (see below), and the Sovereign Base Areas of Akrotiri and Dhekelia on Cyprus), namely:

• Anguilla
• Bermuda
• British Antarctic Territory
• British Indian Ocean Territory
• British Virgin Islands
• Cayman Islands
• Falkland Islands
• Montserrat
• Pitcairn Islands
• Saint Helena
• South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
• Turks and Caicos Islands

These are counted as Overseas Countries and Territories under the Treaty of Rome; however, Bermuda has chosen not to take advantage of this status.^[7]

All citizens of the British overseas territories – including those connected to Bermuda, but excluding those connected to Britain's sovereign bases in Cyprus – were granted full British citizenship by the British Overseas Territories Act 2002 and are consequently citizens of the European Union. This includes the former inhabitants of the British Indian Ocean Territory, who were forcibly removed in the 1970s to make way for an American military base.

South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands and the British Antarctic Territory have no permanent population.

French overseas collectivities and New Caledonia

Mayotte, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna are overseas collectivities (formerly referred to as overseas territories) of France, while New Caledonia is a "sui generis collectivity".

Mayotte and Saint-Pierre and Miquelon are both part of the Eurozone,^[8] while New Caledonia, French Polynesia and Wallis and Futuna use the CFP Franc, a currency which is tied to the euro and guaranteed by France. Natives of the collectivities are European citizens owing to their French citizenship and elections to the European Parliament are held in the collectivities. A declaration (43) annexed to the final act of the Treaty of Lisbon stated that upon request from the French government, the European Council would have to make a decision in order to make Mayotte an outermost region when "the evolution currently under way in the internal status of the island so allows".^[5]

French Southern and Antarctic Lands (which include the French Scattered Islands in the Indian Ocean) and Clipperton Island have neither a permanent nor an indigenous population.^[9] Both have sui generis statuses within France.^[10] Both have had overseas countries and territories status within the European Community since the Treaty of Rome, Clipperton Island as part of the "French Settlements in Oceania", and both now (formally) use the euro as their currency.

Greenland

Greenland is a special case among the overseas countries and territories as it is the only one which was once part of the Union (then called the European Community). Greenland had a referendum on membership and subsequently left in 1985. Greenlanders are, nonetheless, full European Union citizens owing to their Danish citizenship.

Netherlands Antilles and Aruba

The Netherlands Antilles and Aruba are autonomous parts of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. They are excluded from the operation of EU law by reason of a protocol attached to the Treaty of Rome, but they are counted as overseas territories. The inhabitants of the islands are EU citizens owing to their Dutch nationality, but most of them were not, until recently, entitled to vote in European Parliamentary Elections. This has been recently ruled to be contrary to EU law by the European Court of Justice as Dutch citizens resident outside the EU, other than those resident in either the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba, were entitled to vote in the Dutch elections to the European Parliament.^[11]

On 10 October 2010,^[12] the Netherlands Antilles will be dissolved and replaced by the two overseas autonomous countries of Curaçao and Sint Maarten on the one hand, and the three Dutch municipalities of Bonaire, Saba and Sint Eustatius on the other. The latter three will have to apply most of Dutch law and could then opt to become an outermost region of the EU if they so wished. On 1 September 2009, Saba announced that it wished to withdraw from the Netherlands Antilles immediately, rather than wait until October 2010.^[13] However, according to Dutch State Secretary Bijleveld for Kingdom Relations, it is at this moment not legally possible for Saba to become separate from the Antilles.^[14]

Special cases

While the outermost regions and the overseas counties and territories fall into structured categories to which common mechanisms apply, this is not true of all the special territories. Some territories enjoy ad-hoc arrangements in their relationship with the EU. Some of these could be called "protocol territories" as their status is governed by protocols attached to their respective countries' accession treaties. The rest owe their status to European Union legislative provisions which exclude the territories from the application of the legislation concerned. Many opt out from either the VAT area or the customs union or both.

Åland Islands

Åland, a group of islands belonging to Finland, but with partial autonomy, located between Sweden and Finland, with a Swedish-speaking population, joined the EU along with Finland in 1995. The islands had a separate referendum on accession and like the Finnish mainland voted in favour.

While most EU law applies to Åland it is outside the VAT area^[2] and is exempt from common rules in relation to turnover taxes, excise duties and indirect taxation. There are also restrictions on the freedom of movement of people and services, the right of establishment, and the purchase or holding of real estate in Åland.^[15]

Büsingen am Hochrhein

The German exclave town of Büsingen am Hochrhein, fully surrounded by Switzerland, is in customs union with the latter non-EU country.^[16] The euro is legal tender, although the Swiss franc is preferred. Büsingen is excluded from the EU customs union and VAT area.^[2] Swiss VAT and sales taxes are paid.^[17]

Campione d'Italia and Livigno

The Italian enclave village of Campione d'Italia is totally surrounded by Switzerland's Ticino (Tessin) canton as well as Lake Lugano (Lake Ceresio) and is in the Province of Como, whilst Livigno, a small and remote mountain resort town, is in the Italian province of Sondrio. Although part of the EU, they are excluded from the customs union and VAT area, with Livigno's tax status dating back to Napoleonic times.^[2] Moreover, legal tender in Campione d'Italia is the Swiss Franc, even with the euro widely accepted.^[18]

Ceuta and Melilla

Ceuta and Melilla are two Spanish cities on the North African coast. They are excluded from the common agricultural and fisheries policies. They are also outside the customs union and VAT area,^[2] but no customs are levied on goods exported from the Union into either Ceuta and Melilla, and certain goods originating in Ceuta and Melilla are exempt from customs charges.

The Channel Islands and the Isle of Man

Jersey, Guernsey and the Isle of Man are British Crown dependencies, the former two being just off the French coast and the latter being in the middle of the Irish Sea. The islands take part in the EU freedom of movement of goods but not people, services or capital. The Channel Islands (as they were defined in 1972, when UK joined the European Communities, now Jersey and Guernsey) are outside the VAT area (since they have no VAT), while the Isle of Man is inside it.^[2] Both areas are inside the customs union.^[3]

Channel Islanders and Manx people are British citizens and hence European citizens.^[19] However, they are not entitled to take advantage of the freedom of movement of people or services unless they are directly connected (through birth, descent from a parent or grandparent, or five years' residence) with the United Kingdom.^[20]

Cyprus

When the Republic of Cyprus became part of the European Union on 1 May 2004, the northern third of the island was outside of the effective control of its government, a United Nations buffer zone of varying width separated the two parts, and a further 3% of the island was taken up by UK sovereign bases (under British sovereignty since the Treaty of Establishment in 1960). Two protocols to the Treaty of Accession 2003 – numbers 3 and 10, known as the "Sovereign Base Areas Protocol" and the "Cyprus Protocol" respectively – reflect this complex situation.

EU law only applies fully to the part of the island that is effectively controlled by the government of the Republic of Cyprus. EU law is suspended in the northern third of the island (the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus, whose independence is recognised only by Turkey) by article 1(1) of the Cyprus Protocol.^[21] Turkish Cypriots living there are nonetheless European citizens and are entitled, at least in principle, to vote in elections to the European Parliament; however, elections to that Parliament are not organised in northern Cyprus.

United Kingdom sovereign bases

The United Kingdom has two sovereign bases on Cyprus, namely Akrotiri and Dhekelia. Unlike other British overseas territories, they are not listed as Overseas Countries and Territories under the Treaty of Rome and their inhabitants (who are entitled to British Overseas Territories Citizenship) have never been entitled to British citizenship.

Prior to Cypriot accession to the EU in 2004, EU law did not apply to the sovereign bases.^[22] This position was changed by the Cypriot accession treaty and EU law, while still not applying in principle, applies to the extent necessary to implement a protocol attached to that treaty.^[23] In practice this protocol applies a substantial portion of EU law to the sovereign bases including provisions relative to agricultural policy, customs and indirect taxation. The UK also agreed in the Protocol to keep enough control of the external (i.e. off-island and northern Cyprus) borders of the sovereign bases to ensure that the border between the sovereign bases and the Republic of Cyprus can remain fully open and will not have to be policed as an external EU border. Consequently the sovereign bases will become a de facto part of the Schengen Area if and when Cyprus implements it. The bases are already de facto members of the eurozone due to their previous use of the Cypriot pound before it was replaced by the euro in 2008.

As pointed out above, inhabitants of the sovereign bases have never been entitled to British citizenship or the European Union citizenship that would go with it.^[24] However, apart from those temporarily living there in connection with the British forces, the majority of the inhabitants are nationals of the Republic of Cyprus and therefore European citizens.

United Nations buffer zone

The United Nations buffer zone between north and south Cyprus ranges in width from a few metres in central Nicosia to several kilometres in the countryside. While it is nominally under the sovereignty of the Republic of Cyprus, it is effectively administered by the United Nations Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus (UNFICYP). The population of the zone is 8686 (as of October 2007), and one of the mandates of UNFICYP is "to encourage the fullest possible resumption of normal civilian activity in the buffer zone".^[25] Article 2.1 of the Cyprus Protocol^[21] allows the European Council to determine to what extent the provisions of EU law apply in the buffer zone.^[26]

Faroe Islands

The Faroe Islands are not part of the EU. Danish citizens residing on the islands, who hold Faroese-Danish passports (modelled on the pre-EU green Danish passports), are not considered as citizens of a Member State within the meaning of the treaties or, consequently, citizens of the European Union.^[27] However Faroese may become EU citizens by changing their residence to the Danish mainland.

The Faroe Islands are not part of the Schengen Area, and Schengen visas are not valid. However, the islands are part of the Nordic Passport Union.^[28] This means that there is an identity check upon arrival on the islands where Nordic citizens on intra-Nordic travel need no passport, only showing the ticket plus identity card.

Gibraltar

Gibraltar is a British overseas territory located near the southernmost tip of the Iberian Peninsula and overlooking the Strait of Gibraltar, sharing a border with Spain to the north. It is part of the EU, having joined the European Economic Community with the United Kingdom in 1973. Article 355(3) (ex Article 299(4)) applies the treaty to "the European territories for whose external relations a Member State is responsible", a provision which in practice only applies to Gibraltar. Notwithstanding its being part of the EU, Gibraltar is outside the customs union and VAT area and is exempted from the Common Agricultural Policy.^[29] As a separate jurisdiction to the UK the Gibraltar Parliament transposes EU directives into local law.

Owing to a declaration lodged by the United Kingdom with the EEC in 1982 Gibraltarians were to be counted as British nationals for the purposes of Community law. This was notwithstanding that they were not all, at the time, British citizens but many were British Overseas Territories citizens. As such Gibraltarians enjoyed European Union citizenship from its creation in the Maastricht Treaty. All Gibraltarians have since been granted full British citizenship.^[24]

Despite their status as EU citizens resident in the EU, elections to the European Parliament were not held in Gibraltar until 2004. The inclusion resulted from the European Court of Human Rights' ruling in Matthews v. United Kingdom which deemed that Gibraltar's exclusion violated Article 3 of Protocol 1 to the European Convention on Human Rights. In the 2004 European Parliament election the territory formed part of the South West England constituency of the United Kingdom. The inclusion was unsuccessfully challenged by Spain.^[11]

The Schengen police cooperation rules apply in Gibraltar, although Gibraltar does not form part of the control-free travel area, and border checks are still performed at the border between Gibraltar and Spain.^[30]

Heligoland

Heligoland is a German island situated 70 km (44 miles) off the German north-western coast. It is part of the EU, but is excluded from the customs union and the VAT area.^[2]

Mount Athos

Mount Athos is an autonomous monastic region of Greece. Greece's EU accession treaty provides that Mount Athos maintains its centuries-old special legal status,^[31] guaranteed by article 105 of the Greek Constitution. It is part of the customs union but outside the VAT area.^[2] Notwithstanding that a special permit is required to enter the peninsula and a prohibition on the admittance of women, it is part of the Schengen Area.^[32] A declaration attached to Greece's accession treaty to the Schengen Agreement states that Mount Athos's "special status" should be taken into account in the application of the Schengen rules.^[33]

Saimaa Canal and Malyj Vysotskij Island

Finland leases the Russian part of the Saimaa Canal and the island of Malyj Vysotskij from Russia. The area is not part of the EU; it is a special part of Russia, and under the treaty signed by Finnish and Russian governments, as of 2010 Malyj Vysotskij is managed by Russian authorities. Russian law is in force, with a few exceptions concerning maritime rules and the employment of canal staff, which fall under Finnish jurisdiction. There are also special rules concerning vessels travelling to Finland via the canal. Russian visas are not required for just passing through the canal, but a passport is needed and it is checked at the border. Euros are accepted for the canal fees.

Former special territories

Many currently independent states or parts of such were previously territories of the following EU members:

• Belgium (with multiple territories, from ECSC formation until 1962)
• France (with multiple territories, from ECSC formation)
• Italy (with Italian Somaliland, from ECSC formation until 1960)
• The Netherlands (with multiple territories, from ECSC formation)
• Portugal (with multiple territories, from 1986 enlargement until 2002)
• United Kingdom (with multiple territories, from 1973 enlargement)

Most of them left their former mother country before the implementation of the Maastricht treaty in 1993 and the following years, meaning that cooperations like the EU citizenship, the VAT union or the Eurozone did not exist, so it made less difference to be a special terrritory then.

These were:

• Cambodia (gained independence from France in 1953), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences^[34]
• Laos (gained independence from France in 1954), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences^[34]
• Vietnam (gained independence from France in 1954), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences^[34]
• Tunisia (gained independence from France in 1956), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences^[34]
• Morocco (gained independence from France in 1956), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences^[34]
• Guinea (gained independence from France in 1958), was with OCT status^[35]
• Cameroon (French-administered part gained independence from France in 1960 along with some of UK-administered parts); was with OCT status for the French part^[35]
• Togo (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Mali (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Senegal (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Madagascar (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• DR Congo (gained independence from Belgium in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Somalia (Italian-administered part gained independence from Italy in 1960 along with UK-administered part); was with OCT status for the Italian part^[35]
• Benin (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Niger (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Burkina Faso (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Ivory Coast (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Chad (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Central African Republic (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Congo (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Gabon (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Mauritania (gained independence from France in 1960), was with OCT status^[35]
• Burundi (gained independence from Belgium in 1962), was with OCT status^[35]
• Rwanda (gained independence from Belgium in 1962), was with OCT status^[35]
• Netherlands New Guinea (transferred from Netherlands to UN in 1962, later merged with Indonesia), was with OCT status^[35]
• Netherlands Guiana (gained independence from Netherlands in 1975 as Suriname), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences^[34], EURATOM did not apply^[36], EEC did not apply^[37]
• Algeria (gained independence from France in 1962), was with status similar to OMR^[38]
• Bahamas (gained independence from UK in 1973), was with OCT status^[39]
• Grenada (gained independence from UK in 1973), was with OCT status^[39]
• Comoros (gained independence from France in 1962), was with OCT status^[35]
• Seychelles (gained independence from UK in 1976), was with OCT status^[39]
• French Somaliland (gained independence from France as Djibouti in 1977), was with OCT status^[35]
• Solomon Islands (gained independence from UK in 1976), was with OCT status^[39]
• Tuvalu (gained independence from UK in 1978), was with OCT status^[39]
• Dominica (gained independence from UK in 1978), was with OCT status^[39]
• Saint Lucia (gained independence from UK in 1979), was with OCT status^[39]
• Kiribati (gained independence from UK in 1979), was with OCT status^[39]
• Saint Vincent and the Grenadines (gained independence from UK in 1979), was with OCT status^[39]
• Zimbabwe (gained independence from UK in 1980), no Community treaty applied there, besides ECSC preferences^[34][40]
• Vanuatu (gained independence from UK and France in 1980), generally was with OCT status ^[41]
• Belize (gained independence from UK in 1981), was with OCT status^[39]
• Antigua and Barbuda (gained independence from UK in 1981), was with OCT status^[39]
• Saint Kitts and Nevis (gained independence from UK in 1983), was with OCT status^[39]
• Brunei (gained independence from UK in 1984), was with OCT status^[39]
• Hong Kong (sovereignty transferred from the UK to the PRC in 1997), no Community treaty applied there^[40], besides ECSC preferences^[34]
• Macau (sovereignty transferred from Portugal to the PRC in 1999), EURATOM was applicable^[42], besides the ECSC preferences^[34]
• Timor-Leste (gained independence from UN in 2002), no Community treaty applied there ^[43]

Additionally in Europe there were special territories in the past that had different status than their "mainland", because of various reasons, but now are part of a member state. Some of these territories were as follows:

• The Austrian areas of Kleinwalsertal and Jungholz formerly enjoyed a special legal status. The 2 areas have road access only to Germany, and not directly to other parts of Austria. They were in customs and currency union with Germany and there were no border controls between Kleinwalsertal and Jungholz, respectively, and Germany. When Austria entered the EU (and its customs union) in 1995, the customs union became defunct. The entry into force of the Schengen Agreement for Austria (1997) and the introduction of the euro (2002) caused Kleinwalsertal and Jungholz to lose their remaining legal privileges. It is now legally treated in the same manner as the rest of Austria.
• Saar (merged with West Germany on 1.1.1957), was fully part of the Community as French-administered European territory ^[44]
• West Berlin (merged with West Germany on 3.10.1990), was with full application of the treaties^[45]
• East Germany was formally not recognised by the original six EU countries until 1972. This meant that on paper it was part of the European Community, but not in reality. The Treaty of Rome had clauses allowing a fast reunion of Germany in 1990.

Summary

This table summarises the various components of EU laws applied in the EU Member States and their sovereign territories. Member States that do not have special-status territories are not included (as there the EU law applies fully with the exception of the opt-outs in the European Union and states under a safeguard clause). Some territories of EFTA Member States also have a special status in regard to EU laws applied as is the case with some European microstates.

Member States and sovereign territories		Part of EU?	Application of EU law	Enforceable in local courts?	EURATOM?	EU citizenship?	EU elections?	Schengen area?	EU VAT area?	EU customs territory?	EU single market?	Eurozone?
Cyprus, except:		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Set to implement later	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Northern Cyprus	de-jure & suspended	Suspended	No	No	Yes	No	No	No	No[46]	No[47]	No, TRY
	UN Buffer Zone	Yes	?	?	?	Yes	Yes	?	No[48]	?	?	de facto
Denmark, except:		Yes	Yes[49]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No, ERM II with DKK
	Greenland	No	Minimal (OCT)	Yes	No[50]	Yes	No	No	No	No[46]	Partial[51]	No, DKK
	Faroe Islands	No	No	No	No[52]	Optional	No	No	No	No[46]	Minimal (FTA)[53]	No, DKK
Finland, except:		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Åland Islands	Yes	With exemptions	Yes	Yes[54]	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes[46]	With exemptions	Yes
	Russia Saimaa Canal and Maly Vysotsky Island	No	No	No	No	No	No	No	?	?	?	de facto
France (Metropolitan), except:		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Réunion	Yes	With exemptions (OMR)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No[55]	No	Yes[46]	Yes	Yes
	French Guiana	Yes	With exemptions (OMR)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No[55]	No	Yes[46]	Yes	Yes
	Martinique	Yes	With exemptions (OMR)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No[55]	No	Yes[46]	Yes	Yes
	Guadeloupe	Yes	With exemptions (OMR)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No[55]	No	Yes[46]	Yes	Yes
	Saint Barthélemy	Yes	With exemptions (OMR)[56]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No[55]	No	Yes[46]	Yes	Yes
	Saint Martin	Yes	With exemptions (OMR)[56]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No[55]	No	Yes[46]	Yes	Yes
	Mayotte	No	Minimal (OCT)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No[46]	Partial[51]	Yes[57]
	Saint Pierre and Miquelon	No	Minimal (OCT)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No[46]	Partial[51]	Yes[57]
	Wallis and Futuna	No	Minimal (OCT)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No[46]	Partial[51]	XPF is pegged to Euro
	French Polynesia	No	Minimal (OCT)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No[46]	Partial[51]	XPF is pegged to Euro
	New Caledonia	No	Minimal (OCT)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No[46]	Partial[51]	XPF is pegged to Euro
	French Southern and Antarctic Lands	No	Minimal (OCT)	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No	No	No[46]	Partial[51]	Yes[58]
	Clipperton Island	No	Yes[58][59]	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No[55]	Yes[58][59]	Yes[58][59]	Yes[58][59]	Yes[58][59]
Germany, except:		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Büsingen am Hochrhein	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes[60]	No	No[46]	Yes	Yes
	Heligoland	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No[46]	Yes	Yes
Greece, except:		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Mount Athos	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes[46]	Yes	Yes
Italy, except:		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Livigno	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	No[46]	Yes	Yes
	Campione d'Italia	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes[60]	No	No[46]	Yes	No, CHF[18]
Netherlands, except:		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Aruba	No	Minimal (OCT)	No	No[36]	Yes	Yes	No	No	No[3]	Partial[51]	No, AWG
	Netherlands Antilles	No	Minimal (OCT)	No	No[36]	Yes	Yes	No	No	No[3]	Partial[51]	No, ANG
Portugal, except:		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Azores	Yes	With exemptions (OMR)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Madeira	Yes	With exemptions (OMR)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Spain, except:		Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Canary Islands	Yes	With exemptions (OMR)	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
	Ceuta	Yes	With exemptions	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No[61]	No	No	Minimal (FTA)[62]	Yes
	Melilla	Yes	With exemptions	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No[61]	No	No	Minimal (FTA)[62]	Yes
	Plazas de soberanía, other than Ceuta and Melilla	Yes	Yes[63]	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes[63]	Yes[63]	Yes[63]	Yes[63]
United Kingdom, except:		Yes	Yes[49]	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Police and judicial cooperation only	Yes	Yes	Yes	No, GBP
	Gibraltar	Yes	With exemptions[64]	Yes[64]	Yes[52]	Yes[65]	Yes	Police and judicial cooperation only	No	No	With exemptions	No, GIP
	Akrotiri and Dhekelia	de-facto	With exemptions[66]	Yes[67]	No[52]	No	No	Set to implement later[68]	Yes[69]	Yes[3]	With exemptions	Yes[70]
	Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha together with dependencies Ascension Island and  Tristan da Cunha	No	Minimal (OCT)	Yes[71]	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, SHP
	Pitcairn Islands	No	Minimal (OCT)	Yes[73]	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, NZD
	Falkland Islands	No	Minimal (OCT)	No	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, FKP
	South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands	No	Minimal (OCT)	No	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, GBP
	British Antarctic Territory	No	Minimal (OCT)	No	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, GBP[74]
	British Indian Ocean Territory	No	Minimal (OCT)	No	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, GBP, USD[75]
	Anguilla	No	Minimal (OCT)	No	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, XCD
	Montserrat	No	Minimal (OCT)	No	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, XCD
	British Virgin Islands	No	Minimal (OCT)	No	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, USD
	Turks and Caicos Islands	No	Minimal (OCT)	No	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, USD
	Cayman Islands	No	Minimal (OCT)	No	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, KYD
	Bermuda	No	Minimal[7][72]	No	Yes[52][72]	Yes	No	No	No	No	Partial[51]	No, BMD
	Isle of Man	see text	Partial[76]	Yes[77]	Minimal[52]	Partial[78]	No	No	Yes[69]	Yes[3]	Minimal (FTA)[79]	No, GBP
	Guernsey together with dependencies  Alderney,  Herm and  Sark	see text	Partial[76]	Yes[80]	Minimal[52]	Partial[78]	No	No	No[69]	Yes[3]	Minimal (FTA)[79]	No, GBP
	Jersey	see text	Partial[76]	Yes[81]	Minimal[52]	Partial[78]	No	No	No[69]	Yes[3]	Minimal (FTA)[79]	No, GBP
Member States and sovereign territories		Part of EU?	Application of EU law	Enforceable in local courts?	EURATOM?	EU citizenship?	EU elections?	Schengen area?	EU VAT area?	EU customs territory?	EU single market?	Eurozone?

See also

• Dependent territory
• Elections in the European Union
• European Union Association Agreement
• Eurozone
• History of the European Union
• Law of the European Union
• List of European Union-related topics
• Member State of the European Union
• Microstates and the European Union
• Opt-outs in the European Union
• Third country relationships with the European Union
• Withdrawal from the European Union

External links

• Information on the "Overseas countries and territories" from the European Commission
  • Review of CARIFORUM-EU EPA - and Implications for the British and Durch Caribbean Octs - What the CARIFORUM-EU trade deal means for current EU territories

Footnotes

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